Public Administration And The Public Sector - 837 Words

Old Public Administration was created to answer the questions to many unanswered problems. President Woodrow Wilson said it was â€Å"harder to run a constitution than to frame it† because of the difficult administrative tasks had to deal with. Sure enough, he was not the only person who felt that way. President Wilson believed that in order to run an effective government, ideas from the private sector should be incorporated into the public sector. He even went as far as to give input on how the government would be able to implement ideas from the private sector to the public sector. And that is to limit what hierarchical organization can do. Wilson believed that those in power would not have control of creating the policy, but they will have a handle on how the policy is implemented. Two themes stood out around the topic of Public Administration â€Å" the distinction between policy and administration, and the accountability of elected individuals who are a part of an orga nization. The second theme was around the use of structures and strategies to ensure that management work efficiency. Many had much to say when it came Wilson’s statement that â€Å" Policy and Administration† should be separate entities. A few people argued that policy and administration could not be separated because policy and administration depend on one another to work effectively. Frederick Taylor, a theorist believed that in order to enforce efficiency within an organization, a scientific managementShow MoreRelatedPublic Administration And The Non Profit Sector Essay721 Words   |  3 Pages(CII). As a receptionist, I mostly provide the day to day administration of CII front desk reception and informed parents about our Head Start program. CII is a non-profit organization, and offers many programs and services such as early childhood programs, youth growth, and family support. 3. What is your experience and involvement in public administration or the non-profit sector? Although I gained some knowledge about the public sector throughout my internship experiences, I still have the urgeRead MoreWhat Challenges Does the Traditional Public Administration Encounter in a Changing Public Sector Environment2129 Words   |  9 PagesWHAT CHALLENGES DOES THE TRADITIONAL PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ENCOUNTER IN A CHANGING PUBLIC SECTOR ENVIRONMENT The traditional model of public administration (TPA) remains the longest standing and most successful theory of management in the public sector which pre-dominated for most of the 20th century. The TPA can be characterized as an administration under the formal control of the political leadership which was based on a strictly hierarchical model of bureaucracy, staffed by permanent, neutralRead MorePublic And Private Management : Are They Fundamentally Alike? Essay1281 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction On a macro level, public administration and business management are similar in their overall functions. â€Å"At the broadest level, some organizational theorists contend that administration is administration whatever its setting, and that the problems of organizing people, leading them and supplying them with resources to do their jobs are always the same (Kettl, 2012, p. 38).† In his paper, â€Å"Public and Private Management: Are They Fundamentally Alike in All Unimportant Respects?,† GrahamRead MoreStrategic Management And Public Sector Essay982 Words   |  4 PagesStrategic Management has picked up a maintained conspicuousness in the administration of public sectors in the previous two decades or thereabouts. Public sectors are progressively being solicited to utilize it as part from their administration systems. It has turned into an appealing administration apparatus to reformers, and as according to Bovard (2009), contends for an association to be without a t echnique is to seem directionless and clumsy. It is not an embellishment to state that, the utilizationRead MoreGood Governance And Public Sector Management1022 Words   |  5 Pageslinked to Public Sector Management and how it is developing. Public Sector Management has went through changes over the past decades: from Traditional Public Administration to New Public Management or in other words Governance and managerialism. Moving from traditional administration with emphasis on neutrality of the public, tenure, career and a structure of hierarchical authority. The New Public Management with emphasis on commercialization and privatization and other private sector concepts, theRead MoreThe Goals Of An Introductory Course Within Any Subject Field1398 Words   |  6 Pagesnumber of weeks. So too, in the field of public administration that encompasses every corner of the body politic. That said, what utility is gained from such an extreme compression of information? I argue that the i ntroduction to different divisions and different methodologies within a field of study helps establish foundational principles within the minds of those students. Within our exploration into the introductory themes within public administration, we have been exposed to concepts that, IRead More How Does the Public Sector Work? Essay1683 Words   |  7 PagesIf you dont understand how the public sector is supposed to work, how can you ensure that it is working? An easy definition of public administration is, â€Å"the implementation of government policies† (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2010), or, â€Å"the implementation of public policy† (Infoplease.com, 1997). While policies and procedures seem to be continuously up for debate, it should be noted that, an informed public are the only sure-fire way to ensure that the public sector stays on track with meeting theRead MoreHow Does New Public Management Change The Public Sector?1344 Words   |  6 PagesHow did New Public M anagement change the public sector? New Public Management is the use of private sector and business approaches in the public sector in order to achieve efficiency, efficacy and quality in the delivery of public services. As a positive consequence of this, there have been increasingly positive changes through the reforms that have been implemented by New Public Management into the public sector. This paper will uncover these reforms by discussing the establishment, core principlesRead MoreExternal Pressure On Public Administration1124 Words   |  5 Pagesin. The first module focuses on external pressures on public administration. I learned about external forces on public administrators in Introduction to Public Administration, and Managing Change in the 21st Century. Though Introduction to Public Administration only gave a vague overview of external pressures, Managing Change gave greater detail on how there are forces outside of government, including citizens, interest groups and private sector companies who all will influence the decision makingRead MoreExternal Pressure On Public Administration995 Words   |  4 Pagesin. The first module focuses on external pressures on public administration. I learned about external forces on public administrators in Introduction to Public Administration, and Managing Change in the 21st Century. Though Introduction to Public Administration only gave a vague overview of external pressures, Managing Change gave greater detail on how there are forces outside of government, including citizens, interest groups and private sector companies who all will influence the decision making

Oppression And Hardships Of African American Hair

African American hair has so much diversity and flexibility, throughout many years of oppression and hardships they have chosen to alter their natural texture to fit into â€Å"white† standards of beauty. Often feeling the pressures to fit into society, many of these people will purposely damage and harm themselves with a chemical substance called a relaxer. It is important that the millions of women who live their lives solely based on outward appearances know that it is normal to want to feel accepted, but doing so at the sake of your health is not worth it. Traditionally African American hair has and still is the subject of criticism. The constant criticism is not only racially insensitive, it leaves millions of young girls and women feelings self conscious about the way they were born into the world. Many women would disagree when I say that relaxers are extremely damaging. Relaxers contain unnatural ingredients that can greatly damage your scalp and can give you hair loss . A young women stated that â€Å"I recall getting my hair chemically straightened and feeling the chemicals burning my scalp. I would cough because the scent of the fumes was so strong and irritated my throat, yet I continued to chemically straighten my hair during most of high school. I remember bearing with the pain because the longer the relaxer cream stayed on my head, the straighter my hair would be and the longer my hair would remain straightened.† From personal experience I can attest to the pain andShow MoreRelatedThe Double-Fold Oppression Of Intersectionality. The American1642 Words   |  7 PagesThe Double-Fold Oppression of Intersectionality The American nation has long served as a battlefield for whites and their social norms versus African Americans and their native cultures. Although successful in previous years in acquiring basic civil rights, the early 20th century signified the African American downfall as their white foes discovered a new source of perilous power. From the early to mid-1900s, white backlash increased with the passing of legislature to segregate blacks, most prominentlyRead MoreThemes Of The American Dream In A Raisin In The Sun1123 Words   |  5 PagesA Raisin in the sun shows the hardship many need to face in order to attain this notion of the American Dream. The book did more than then just show what everyone faced, she shows the struggles that many African American families had to face when trying to achieve the notion of the American Dream. She does this by showing the environment that many African American lived in when there was bombing in the neighborhood or when white people would force African American who finally bought a home, out.Read MoreRacial Segregation and Prejudice in ZZ Packers Brownies1093 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Brownies† is written by author, ZZ Packer. It surrounds a group of African American Brownie girls in the fourth grade who journey to a campsite situated near the suburbs of Atlanta, Georgia, called Camp Crescendo. On the trip, they encounter another brownie group comprised of white girls, all of who are mentally handicapped. â€Å"Brownies† is told from a first person involved point of view, through a Brownie member from the African American troop, named Laurel. Because the story takes place in the 1960’sRead MoreThe Continuous Injustice And Discrimination Have Served1667 Words   |  7 Pagesserved as a motivation for African Americans to create a voice for themselves. Although protests could be visualized as marches and sit-ins, they were not limited to these methods. African American writers made sure to create a sp ace for themselves to protest and convince with their words and emotions put into their pieces.African American literature comprises of the African American culture itself. Works that fall into this genre focus on the hardships that African-American have and continue to faceRead More Female Spirituality and Sexuality Explored Through Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God and Tell My Horse1647 Words   |  7 Pagesbecause she is African-American. Hurston understands this oppression and she uncovers the truth on the status of black females at this time. There were no powerful roles available to them in their American culture or in their African-American culture. Women were looked down on and they were not seen as potentially strong spiritual and sexual people. Hurston opens the door for her protagonist, Janie Crawford, to create a more substantial and empowering life for herself after the many hardships she facesRead MoreWomen, African Americans And Literature1747 Words   |  7 PagesWomen, African-Americans Literature in the Progressive Era One of the greatest turning points in American history was the Progressive era due to the advancements and social responses led by women and people of color. Many depictions of this era through secondary sources can be used to see the conflicts faced by the individuals of the time period and the political movement that ensued right after. Many favorable outcomes resulted from this time period including the start of reformation from womenRead More Jamaica Essay1199 Words   |  5 Pagesthe English came African slaves, these descendants spawned their offspring into slavery for years to come. The Jamaican people come for a broad background of mixed cultures. The majority are descendants of slaves who faced years of oppression. With in the large population of slaves in Jamaican history were a group of rebels known as the â€Å"Maroons†. This courageous group escaped into the mountains of Jamaica isolating tribe gaining freedom on an enslaved island. Through hardships and in due timeRead MoreRace is Still a Factor in America Essay1497 Words   |  6 Pagesbeings who are considered to be African- American have made several outstanding achievements since the times of segregation; they have obtained the same suffrage rights, the same job opportunities, and many more privileges that were previously denied to them by their Caucasian counterparts. Though the people of African- American decent have come a long way since the early times of segregation, are they truly seen as equals to the people around them? Have African- Amer icans been able to obtain the equalityRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Vietnam War1517 Words   |  7 Pages He was one of the most famous American religious leaders of the 1970s. He was that weird little boy who grew obsessed with death and religion. To many of his followers he was the much desired hope they needed in an era of despair. To people now, simply a narcissist. His name, Jim Jones. The 1970s a decade filled with bellbottoms, big hair, and the continuation of the ever so famous lifestyle of sex, drugs, and rock and roll. A period portrayed by today’s media as very vintage cool and an overallRead MoreAnalysis Of Maya Angelou s Poem, Africa1491 Words   |  6 PagesRed stands for the blood lost; green for the land they took, and black pigment of the people of that great continent. These are the colors of the Pan-African flag, not simply a flag, but rather a symbol for all those whose origins begin in Africa. Maya Angelou’s poem, â€Å"Africa,† paints a portrait of the history of Africa. Her canvas depicts the beautiful landscapes with its people far and wide as well as those who were abducted from its shores. The three stanzas, which make up the poem, construct

Aging and Cognitive Status Free Essays

The following paragraph will identify the physical manifestations of aging, thus illustrating the most commonly viewed perception about elderly – forgetfulness. What is it all about and why and how does it affect human lives. This essay will answer the question as to whether forgetfulness is a pathologic or biologic characteristic of aging. We will write a custom essay sample on Aging and Cognitive Status or any similar topic only for you Order Now The premise on which this paper operates on is the inference and personal opinion of the author relative to the effects and conditions of forgetfulness, its impact to both young and old alike. Aging is tantamount to the degeneration of all bodily functions, until such time when the function exhausts itself and degenerate. This is because the life span of the human cell only extends up to such time until it no longer regenerates. As we age, the usual optimal level of bodily functions that we have gotten used to begins to slow down. This also holds true with the cognitive and motor functions. In the cognitive aspect, aging brings along the tendency of memory loss and focus. Older people sometimes finds it hard to remember events that took place in the past, even more so with events which took place just recently. Cognition won’t be as efficient and sharp as it used to be. There is the deterioration of vision and eyesight that sometimes causes a great deal of confusion among elderly and sometime the same culprit as that of accidents and fall. As for motor functioning, there is the slowing down of bodily movements, as in the case of slow movement. One of the possible reasons can be attributed to the poor vision, where in they move slowly because they can not see very clearly therefore requiring them to make sure every step they make. Certain cells in the brain die causing it to alter cognition in a way also affecting other functions like the satiety, taste buds memory and etc. This is true to almost every human being, although the rate of deterioration may differ on a case to case basis, depending on how the body has been taken cared for while in their youth (AAGP. 2004). Almost every elderly, experiences a certain percentage of memory loss, deterioration of vision and taste buds, as well as that of motor functions at certain point in time. Although, the hearing, memory, taste and vision loss is common among elderly, this can also happen in earlier stages of life, especially so with accidents causing injury or trauma to the central nervous system. Forgetfulness also happens to young people, which is especially true when there are a lot of things going on in a person’s life. Sometimes, there are just too many things to take care of, responsibilities at home, in school, the family and even to self. Sometimes it is the kind of lifestyle that causes this. Memory lapse can be a bothersome thing, however temporary they may be; the idea of forgetting things can be so irritating especially if you lost it at the time it is most needed. The best thing to do if this happens to younger people like me is to stop whatever it is that I am doing and concentrate, de-stress and relax, so that the thought comes back when the body is at the state of ease and comfort (Rauch. 2005). Reference Page AAGP [American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry]. (2004). Geriatrics and Mental Health fact sheet. Retrieved online on 14 Feb 2007 from http://aagponline.org/prof/facts_mh.asp Rauch, Kate. (2005). Why are many elderly people forgetful? It may be the blues. A WebMD article published in MedicineNet webpage last Jan 30, 2005. Retrieved 14 Feb 2007 from: http://www.webmd.com/content/article/13/1674_50449 How to cite Aging and Cognitive Status, Papers

Effects On Economy1850 To 1914 Essay Example For Students

Effects On Economy:1850 To 1914 Essay Effects on Trends in Trade Policy from 1850-1914The modernizing world of 1850-1870 belonged to an age of remarkable growthin international trade, stimulating the largest free market the world had everseen. Yet by 1914, only 30 years later, the trend towards liberal trade policieshad mostly ended, replaced by a revival of the protectionist system. A study ofthe variation in trade policies over time shows a remarkable growth in thepower of interest groups to influence the institutional rules and regulations concerning international economic intercourse. The initial major trend can be partly attributed ternational conditions, whereas later trends are moreattributable to the relative strength of the interest groups within individualnations and their ability to influence institutional policies. It is, however,necessary to always consider the impact of the international economic situationon the interest groups, as changes in the international arena often played asignificant role in determi ning which interest groups held power at any giventime. A convenient starting point for looking at trends in international commercepolicy is Great Britain. Prior to the British initiative towards free trade, therewere two main barriers to trade, natural and artificial1. Natural barriers werethe long distances to be transversed and the high cost of shipping materials. Artificial barriers included tariffs and at times direct prohibitions on the importof certain goods. As the century progressed both barriers fell drastically due toremarkable advances in technology and through the international leadership ofGreat Britain. This lasted until the 1870s initiated the return to protectionism. Britain, as the first serious pundit for free trade, led the initial trade liberalizationmovement for several reasons. First, the philosophical roots which planted theargument in favor of free trade came to fruition with the publication by AdamSmith of The Wealth of Nations. This work was quickly expanded upon byDavid Ricardo who postulated the concepts of absolute and comparativeadvantage, and who showed that every nation involved in trade benefited. Thefirst group of influential people to accept and use these arguments thus arose inBritain in the form of the international merchants and industrialists. Britain in 1832 expanded the franchise to the urban upper middle class, ofwhose numbers merchants and industrialists constituted a significant amount. Thus at the same time the merchants were beginning to advocate aliberalization of Britains trade policy, they were also becoming empowered toinfluence the parliamentary rules. Younger politicians intent on simplifying thegovernment architecture gained power as a result, including Robert Peel andWilliam Huskisson. The greatest barrier to free trade in Great Britain in the 1840s were the CornLaws. The Corn Laws principally benefited the landed aristocracy, thestrongest group traditionally represented in Parliament. Thus the landedaristocracy can and should be viewed as an institution as well as a separateinterest group, given their hegemony over policy within the nation for severalcenturies. The rise of the merchant classes and the enfranchisement thereofprovided the catalyst necessary to promote a sweeping change of the traditionalpolicies. In Britain this political turmoil led to a trend towards free trade and a demandfor the repeal of the Corn Laws by the industrialists and merchant s. RichardCobden, an industrialist, formed the Anti-Corn Law League2 in 1839 whichcreated one of the first large scale campaigns to influence public opinion. TheWhig party saw the merchants as a way to gain more control in Parliament, butfailed to win the election in 1841. Tory Sir Robert Peel was elected primeminister, already intent on making extensive changes in the fiscal system. TheAnti-Corn Law League achieved triumph in 1846, not due to their extensivepropaganda, but thanks to the Irish potato famine. Faced with mass starvationPeel decided to introduce a bill which would permit the duty free import of grainwithin a few years. In some sense it can be argued that without the Irish famine the era of freetrade would have come substantially later if at all. As an international event itpropelled Great Britain down the path of free trade, and it is significant that theWhigs, which became the party of the industrialists and merchants, were unableto attain the repeal of the Corn Laws without a significant catastrophe to aidthem. In the aftermath of the potato famine, the Whigs gained power andeventually replaced the vast majority of the tariffs with an income tax, makingBritain essentially free trade. The interplay of events leading Britain towards free trade is also an example ofa major interest group (the merchants and industrialists) taking on the institutionof parliament and the wealthy landowners and setting a new trend in thenations economic policy. With varying interest groups this power strugglemanifest itself in nations throughout Europe, with different results leading todifferent trends. It is important to focus not on the institutions as such, but onwhich interest groups are capable of influencing the institutions. In the case ofBritain it is doubtful the merchants would have managed to overhaul even smallparts of the fiscal policy had there not been an enlargement of the franchise in1832. Paul Bairoch hints that Great Britain may have chosen the free trade policy atexactly the right time for it to work, and that any other time could well havebeen disastrous. He cites the rapid decrease in natural barriers to trade throughgreater technological development and the fact that Britain was able and willingto phase out its agricultural production and come to rely on foreign foodstuffs. This argument is slightly supported by the onslaught of the Depression in 1873,discussed later. In contrast to Britain the industrial interests in most other major industrializingnations were opposed to liberalization of trade protection. The British stood outin that they managed to have a comparative advantage in the production ofmost manufactured goods at the time. Any large nation which chose to engagein free trade with Great Britain would therefore see their main industrialindustries annihilated, especially the textiles industry, and be forced to specializeelsewhere. Nations like France, the United States, the German Zollverein andRussia were not inclined to abandon their industrial infrastructure to the ravagesof free trade without seeing the potential benefits first. Thus the trend in Britain, which I have up until now purported to be the maindriving force behind trade deregulation throughout the industrializing world, doesnot in and of itself manage to explain the global trend towards deregulation. Atalanta EssayNations without strong parliaments, and hence weak bourgeoisie middle classes,tended to return to protection first. This was facilitated by the facts that themuch larger agricultural interests were suffering from imports and demandingprotection within those nations, and that higher tariffs provided a larger sourceof revenue for the monarch (as in the cases of Russia, Austria-Hungary, Spainand Italy). By 1892 the Great Depression was beginning to wane and trade relationsbetween nations moved overall towards a more protectionist stance. Theprotectionist movement after 1892 is largely a result of internal interest groupdemands, and not a response to overall market depression as the precedingyears had been. Thus the international economic system ceased to play asdominant a role in determining individual nations trade policies, and interestgroups were able to gain more control over the policies adopted. Germany became the primary leader in leading continental Europe back t oprotectionism, largely due to Germanys increasing commercial power. Caprivispolicy of concluding treaties to reduce overall tariffs met with oppositionbetween 1892 and 1896. By weakening the protections on agriculture, Capriviwitnessed the farmers formation of the Agrarian League (Bund derLandwirthe), which quickly assimilated the Junkers, creating a powerful interestgroup. Through an agreement with the Deutscher Bauernbund andmanufacturers, this group managed to oust Caprivi and catalyzed the passage ofNavigation Laws, leading to an increase in protectionist policy in 1902. France took far less time than Germany to raise its tariffs after 1892, beginningwith a tariff in 1892 which remained in force until 1910. This period representsa total political victory for the agriculturalists and manufacturers as interestgroups. The main opposition to higher tariffs came from the Anti-ProtectionistLeague led by Leon Say, who was unable to stop the rise in protectionism. Other European nation s, many of which had never become as liberal in theirtrade policies as France or even Germany, maintained and increased theirexisting tariffs. Russia for example introduced a maximum and minimum tariffsystem under the direction of Count Witte, and it is largely due to increasedprotectionism that Russia industrialized rapidly following 1890. Italy saw atremendous increase on agricultural duties in response to that sectors demandsfor higher protection, but simultaneously pursued a policy of keepingmanufacturing duties low in order to increase agricultural exports to othernations. Austria-Hungary faced growing demands for protection from within the nationas well. The Hungarian farmers pressured the government to adopt a moreprotectionist stance, but without as much success as agricultural interest inother nations. Even the small nations in Europe adopted more tariffs that theyhad previously had, including Denmark, Norway and the already highlyprotectionist Sweden and Finland. Perhaps t he most significant role of interest groups in determining foreign tradepolicy was played out in Switzerland. The Swiss Consumers Union formed aleague against increases in tariffs, supported by the Socialist movement. However, the manufacturers, the Swiss Union of Craftsmen, and the SwissUnion of Farmers were able to rally enough support to pass a tariff in 1902increasing the protectionist policy. Britain contrastingly stands out through this entire period (1860-1914) asstaunchly anti-protectionist. There were movements in Great Britain to return toa protectionist policy, beginning with the Fair Trade League which eventuallybecame the United Empire Trade League. Joseph Chamberlain led the nextinterest group crusade with the formation of the Tariff Reform League. However, the liberals in power counterattacked vehemently and succeeded inblocking all attempts at levying retaliatory tariffs. It is logical that in Britain theresistance to protectionism would have remained strong even when faced witheconomic stagnation, given that almost all the manufacturers and economistsbelieved that free trade was the dogma which had propelled Britain to economicprosperity. The phenomenal growth in trade over the period 1850-1914, estimated at25-fold, cannot be explained by any one theory, but rather must be consideredat each moment in its international, national, and even regional aspect. Theoften bellicose attempts of the ever more powerful interest groups demandingrepresentation led to a slow reduction of liberal trade policies in manycontinental nations and a return to protectionism. It is important that interestgroups were often unable to achieve their goals without the aid of internationalevents to support their arguments and force the institutionalized governments tolisten. Historically the variation in trade policies within this time period sketches manyof the arguments which are still made today. There is no way to study themodern trends in economic trade policy without hearkening back to AdamSmith, David Ricardo and the Anti-Corn Law League. It is a fascinating era tostudy and learn from, and to hope that mistakes made in the past will not berepeated by modern political rhetoric. Bibliography1) Cameron, Rondo. A Concise Economic History of the World. OxfordUniversity Press, 1989. 2) Schonhardt-Bailey, Cheryl, et al. Free Trade: The Repeal of the Corn Laws,pp.xi-xxviii, 132- 138, 331-344. 1996. 3)Bairoch, Paul. European Trade Policy, 1815-1914, The CambridgeEconomic History of Europe, Volume 8. Peter Mathias and Sydney Pollard,Business